[Date Prev][Date Next][Thread Prev][Thread Next][Date Index][Thread Index]
IP: Working Photonic Lattice, A Dream For A Decade, Fabricated At Sandia
--- begin forwarded text
Delivered-To: [email protected]
X-Sender: [email protected]
Date: Tue, 15 Sep 1998 16:16:20 -0500
To: [email protected]
From: [email protected]
Subject: IP: Working Photonic Lattice, A Dream For A Decade, Fabricated At
Sandia
Mime-Version: 1.0
Sender: [email protected]
Precedence: list
Reply-To: [email protected]
Source: EurekAlert!
http://www.eurekalert.org/releases/snl-wpladfad.html
For Immediate Release: 15 September 1998
Contact: Neal Singer
[email protected]
(505) 845-7078
Sandia National Laboratories
Working Photonic Lattice, A Dream For A Decade, Fabricated At Sandia:
Lincoln Log-Like Structure To Improve Infrared And Optical Communications,
Optical Computers
ALBUQUERQUE, N.M. -- By interlocking tiny slivers of silicon into a
lattice that,
under a microscope, appears to be formed by toy Lincoln logs, scientists
at the
Department of Energy's Sandia National Laboratories believe they have
solved a
major technical problem: how to bend light easily and cheaply without
leaking it, no
matter how many twists or turns are needed for optical communications or
(potentially)
optical computers.
The lattice, dubbed a photonic crystal (crystals have regularly repeating
internal
structures), now works in the infrared range (approximately 10-micron
wavelengths).
This achievement is of military and commercial interest because the
technique can be
used to enhance or better transmit infrared images. Sandia researchers
Shawn Lin and
Jim Fleming now are preparing a 1.5 micron crystal -- the region in which
almost all
the world?s optically transmitted information is passed.
The improvement -- which bends far more light in far less space at
considerably less
cost than current commercial methods -- will make possible tinier,
cheaper, more
effective waveguides to combine or separate optical frequencies at the
beginning or
end of information transmissions. It will find wide application in data
transmission and
in more compact and efficient sensors. (See "Technique Perfected...."
backgrounder
that follows.)
Pierre Villeneuve, a research scientist at the Massachusetts Institute of
Technology
(MIT), says, "With the structure [Sandia researcher] Shawn [Lin] is using
now, he'll be
able to hit the 1.5 micron mark within the next 12 months. This shows how
'key' this
work is: He's using a technique that lends itself to hitting the mark."
A venture capitalist requesting anonymity has approached the researchers to
commercialize the process. The achievement, for which Sandia has applied
for a
patent, was reported in the July 16 issue of the journal Nature.
The structure, in the regularity and spacing of its parts, is mirrorlike
in not permitting
light of a particular frequency, caught within the cavity of the
structure, to escape.
Instead, light must follow along any twists or turns designed into the log
structure.
By designing the distance between logs carefully, a chosen wavelength is
reflected
instead of passing out of the space, as longer or shorter wavelengths can.
With
introduction of an impurity like air or much thicker polysilicon "logs" to
provide routes
for preselected wavelengths introduced into the crystal, light travels
along the impurity
as it twists or bends. No matter how sharp the turns, light of frequency
roughly in the
middle of the band gap cannot escape.
Funding for the project was provided by Sandia's Laboratory-Directed
Research and
Development office, which funds speculative, defense-related research, and
by the
DOE.
A Photonic Band Gap
What's "cool," in the eyes of some observers, is that Sandia researchers
Lin and
Fleming have created the equivalent of a photonic "band gap" that forbids
certain
frequencies of light from exiting the lattice. ("Band Gap" is a term
usually applied to
electrons, not photons, and signifies a range of energies in which
electrons are absent
because their presence would contradict quantum mechanical laws.)
The nearly leak-proof lattices form a cage that trap and guide
approximately 95
percent of the light sent within them, as compared with approximately 30
percent for
conventional waveguides, and they take only one-tenth to one-fifth the
space to bend
the light. (The Sandia photonic lattice's turning radius is currently in
the one-wavelength
range, rather than the traditional waveguide bend of more than 10
wavelengths.)
Standard, integrated-circuit manufacturing technology used to fabricate
micromachines
-- machines nearly too small to see -- at Sandia's Microelctronics
Development
Laboratory can create tens of thousands of waveguides from a single,
6-inch silicon
wafer. This is a factor 10 to 100 times more dense than can be fabricated
using more
expensive gallium arsenide with current commercial technology.
Potential uses: low-energy lasers, photonic computers, communications
Because little
light is lost in the three-dimensional mirroring that sends light back at
itself, a new type
of microlaser requiring little start-up energy is theoretically
achievable. (Most
conventional lasers require large jolts of energy to begin operating
because so much
light is lost in the lasing start-up process.)
The achievement also brings nearer the day when computers that transmit
information
using photons rather than electrons become a practical reality. Currently,
desktop
computers use electrons to pass information, but as more circuits are
included on new
chips, they become more difficult to cool. Photons, the stuff of light,
are faster and
cooler than electrons. The problem is that no one has been able to bend
useful
frequencies of light around tight corners (as navigated by electrons
through a million
turns on a computer chip the size of a postage stamp) without incurring
large losses in
information; with previously used techniques, light leaks, and badly, the
more tightly it
is turned.
One principle of optical communications is that differing frequencies of
light are bent by
different amounts. Waveguides first combine the frequencies of a number of
information streams -- for example, telephone calls -- by bending them
into the
combined "white" light passing through an optical cable; then other
waveguides
separate the light into component frequencies by bending it at the end of
its journey.
Photonic Band Gap Crystals -- A History
The idea of a "photonic band gap structure" was first advanced in 1987 by Eli
Yablonovitch, now a professor at the University of California at Los
Angeles. In 1990,
he built the first photonic crystal, baseball-sized to channel microwaves
useful in
antennae applications. In the mid 1990s, scientists at Ames Laboratory in
Iowa built
crystals the size of ping pong balls, also for microwaves. The components
were of a
size that could be put together by hand, using straight metal pins (of the
type that hold
new shirts in place).
The size reduction for current structures is a striking achievement that
researchers have
been attempting to achieve for a decade, says Del Owyoung, Sandia manager
for the
project. The difference in frequency is comparable to moving from masers
to lasers, he
said ? from microwaves to optical waves.
According to Rama Biswa, a researcher at Ames Lab, "We had built the same
structure [as Sandia has] ourselves, but more than 100 times larger, in
the microwave
frequency range. I think it is quite remarkable that Shawn Lin's group
could do it at
these wavelengths in the infrared and at this size."
Villeneuve, who has theorized about uses for photonic crystals for much of
the 1990s
in a group led by MIT professor J. D. Joannopoulos, praised the Sandia
group for
"showing that what we're doing is valid," he says. "[People would say,]
'It's wonderful
that you're coming out with all these great devices [that make use of
photonic crystals],
but your building block doesn't even exist!'" That is no longer the case.
Sandia is a multiprogram DOE laboratory, operated by a subsidiary of Lockheed
Martin Corp. With main facilities in Albuquerque, N.M., and Livermore,
Calif., Sandia
has major research and development responsibilities in national security,
energy, and
environmental technologies.
###
BACKGROUND: Technique Perfected In Building Surface-Etched
Micromachines
Shawn Lin and Jim Fleming achieved the desired crystalline spacing using
techniques
perfected in building surface-etched micromachines, at which Sandia is a
world leader.
Gears that spin require spaces between parts; specifically, a silicon base
is covered
with an expendable coating in which a part can be etched, and then the
expendable
portion is removed by chemical and mechanical means, leaving the gear or axle
unencumbered by surrounding material and thus able to spin freely
[www.mdl.sandia.gov/micromachines].
Using a variant on the same technique, Fleming made an artificial crystal
lattice. He
took a silicon wafer, coated it with silicon dioxide, cut trenches into
the silicon dioxide
and then bathed the chip in polysilicon till it filled the trenches. Then
he polished the
surface until smooth and bathed the chip in another layer of silicon
dioxide, into which
he cut the same number of trenches as before, but so they lay across the
trenches
beneath them at right angles, and then filled these trenches with
polysilicon.
After repeating this process a number of time, Jim removed the silicon
dioxide, using
hydrofluoric acid, and got "micron layers of Lincoln logs, orthogonal to
each other, and
joined where they touch."
Center to center, the polysilicon logs were 1.2 microns wide, 1.5 microns
high, with a
pitch of 4.8 microns -- child's play to achieve in the world of silicon
micromachines.
The proportions were identical to that specified by Ames Laboratory and
Iowa State
researchers as those necessary to make the photonic equivalent of an
electronic band
gap.
Media Contact:
Neal Singer
[email protected]
(505) 845-7078
Technical Contact :
Shawn Lin
[email protected]
(505) 844-8097
Jim Fleming
[email protected]
(505) 844-9158
Del Owyoung
[email protected]
(505) 884-5481
-----------------------
NOTE: In accordance with Title 17 U.S.C. section 107, this material is
distributed without profit or payment to those who have expressed a prior
interest in receiving this information for non-profit research and
educational purposes only. For more information go to:
http://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/17/107.shtml
-----------------------
**********************************************
To subscribe or unsubscribe, email:
[email protected]
with the message:
(un)subscribe ignition-point email@address
**********************************************
www.telepath.com/believer
**********************************************
--- end forwarded text
-----------------
Robert A. Hettinga <mailto: [email protected]>
Philodox Financial Technology Evangelism <http://www.philodox.com/>
44 Farquhar Street, Boston, MA 02131 USA
"... however it may deserve respect for its usefulness and antiquity,
[predicting the end of the world] has not been found agreeable to
experience." -- Edward Gibbon, 'Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire'