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Malaysian Netropolis and Net-regs, from The Netly News
---------- Forwarded message ----------
Date: Mon, 9 Dec 1996 09:15:12 -0800 (PST)
From: Declan McCullagh <[email protected]>
To: [email protected]
Subject: Malaysian Netropolis and Net-regs, from The Netly News
The Netly News
December 9, 1996
http://netlynews.com/
The Malaysian Solution
By Declan McCullagh ([email protected])
My first thought when I arrived in Kuala Lumpur was that it was
dirty, at least compared to whisper-clean Singapore, where I had just
been. Yet the city was fully alive -- not just with hawker stalls but
with a newfound sense of optimism.
That's because Malaysia, long a sleepy jungle backwater, is
carefully preparing an area just south of the capital to be the Asian
technology center, a no-taxes-here free trade zone, the place to be
for all things cyber. It will be patterned after Penang, an island off
Malaysia's northwest coast that's home to one of the largest
collections of chip manufacturers in the world. The way Prime Minister
Mahathir Mohamad describes it, fiber will line the streets of the $8
billion "Multimedia Super Corridor" and dollars will flow into the
coffers of Western businesses that settle here. Malaysia is busy
crafting a Netropolis.
Dr. Tommi Chen, the CEO of asiapac.net, explains the government's
plan to me over satay and bowls of chee cheong fun. We're waiting out
the monsoon rain in one of the countless Malay-Chinese eateries in
Petaling Jaya, a town about 15 miles from the capital, Kuala Lumpur.
"This region is exploding," he says. "Everyone is competing to be
the information-technology hub. The government is trying to attract
the best to create another Silicon Valley." Sun Microsystems, Ernst &
Young and Microsoft have already announced plans to shift Asian
operations to this tropical city. That influx will doubtless be
hastened in February when intellectual property and digital signature
laws are set to be introduced.
To attract firms, the government is unabashedly pro-business. "I
think Malaysia will leapfrog other countries in the region as a
business center," Chen says. "The prime minister and the deputy prime
minister championed the Internet themselves."
Yet just like everywhere else that embraces rapid datafication, a
Net connection brings with it overseas ideas and values that alarm
authorities in this strict Islamic state, which still refuses to sign
the International Declaration of Human Rights and has a police force
that can indefinitely detain individuals deemed a threat to national
security. In a country where chaste kisses -- a tepid buss on the
cheek! -- are chopped out of television broadcasts, what's a poor
government censor to do when images from
alt.binaries.pictures.erotica.pornstar flow through Malaysian
cyberspace?
The answer may lie in the history books. North of Singapore, south
of Thailand, straddling the South China Sea, Malaysia was settled by
the British in 1795. The country won its independence in 1957, but an
internal Communist uprising quickly destablized the young government.
Then, on May 13, 1969, members of a Chinese political party took to
the streets of Kuala Lumpur to celebrate a strong showing in a
parliamentary election. Malay-Chinese riots flared for four days and
hundreds died. The government responded by taking extreme measures to
reduce ethnic friction, echoes of which exist today in draconian laws
punishing people (such as newspaper editors) who "incite" racial
tension.
In this atmosphere, Prime Minister Mahathir prospered. Once a
critic of autocratic government, he dismantled the formerly
independent judiciary after a court threatened his grip on power in
1987. His other censor-happy feats include once banning the Wall
Street Journal and the Far East Economic Review. No viable opposition
party exists. Lim Guan Eng, an opposition leader, is being tried for
sedition. Local newspapers are uniformly pro-government. Issues of
Western magazines with articles critical of Mahathir somehow never
make it to newsstands.
Malaysian netizens have a ready answer for these criticisms of
their country. To them, Malaysia may not be ready for the kind of
freedoms the West enjoys. "Most Asians see Westerners as being too
liberal with too many things," a Chinese manager at a technology firm
told me. The country's perception of liberty, I begin to understand,
is seen through the lens of communist threats and the May 13 racial
riots. With freedom, perhaps, comes instability, uncertainty... chaos.
That's why Mahathir is faced with an exquisitely delicate
balancing act: providing enough freedom to attract Western companies
and American-educated workers accustomed to it, while meeting the
demands of powerful Islamic fundamentalists who would put Senator Exon
to shame.
"The pornography laws exist. They will just extend these laws to
the Net," says Chen. The rain has slowed to a light patter. We're
almost ready to return to his office, across the street, where a score
of 20-somethings work late into the night. He concludes: "Malaysia is
Muslim. They have to do it -- they have no choice. They know there is
no foolproof control, but they have to do it anyway."
My next visit is to the office of Dr. Mohamed Awang Lah, the head
of Jaring, the only other licensed and government-approved Internet
provider in Malaysia. Like asiapac.net, Jaring is owned by the state.
(Three illicit providers, however, apparently exist.)
"We block about a hundred web sites, otherwise people complain,"
Awang Lah tells me. This, then, is the balancing act: "If we are too
open, people complain. If we are too closed, people complain." This is
an epiphany for me: the Notorious 100, presumably the same web sites
blocked by the government of Singapore! It's a token gesture, not too
much, not too little. In a lot of ways, it's a far better solution
than the U.S. Congress's ham-handed Communications Decency Act, now on
the Supreme Court's calendar.
"The government will not regulate the Internet," Awang Lah says.
"The only part we don't like, that is not acceptable to the culture,
to the religion, is pornography... There are also some restrictions on
religious content. But there is no intention to regulate the free flow
of discussion." (Except for anti-Islam or anti-Mahathir criticisms,
I'd wager.)
Still, Malaysia seems to follow a pattern of strict laws and lax
enforcement. Sure, sexually explicit materials may be banned by law.
But just a block from my hotel in downtown Kuala Lumpur, I was able to
buy three porn videos -- two American, one Japanese -- for 50 ringgit,
or U.S. $7 each, from a sidewalk vendor. Perhaps there's some hope for
the Net after all.
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